The present research was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social factors and family violence against children (child abuse). The used method was a survey and the data collection tool was also a questionnaire. From a total of 155 families with a history of child abuse based on the social emergency statistics of Tehran in the last 6 months of 1397, 110 families (parents with one or more children) were selected in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The random sampling method was simple. In the present study, children under 11 years (6-11 years) were defined as the age range of children and family violence was also defined as violence applied by parents, older siblings. Research hypotheses were tested with SPSS statistical software through Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the experience of violence has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against children and family violence against children. In other results, it was found that violence-oriented mentality has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against children and family violence against children. In the continuation of the obtained results, the positive relationship of family problems with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children was confirmed and it was found that gender stereotypes have a positive relationship with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children. Finally, in the main hypothesis, the results showed: social factors have a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children.

One of the approaches in modern literary criticism is psychological criticism. We can perform psychoanalysis on fictional characters in the same way as we do on real human beings, which help to obtain a better understanding of the work as well as to improve the status of literature. After providing an introduction regarding the relationship between literature and psychology, this paper will analyze Alavi’s “The lead soldier” (Sarbaz-e-Sorbi) from a psychological point of view. “The lead soldier” is one of the stories in his collection “The suitcase (Chamedan)” which was written according to Freudian ideas and theories.

Background and Aim: In Today’, s world, at this very time when the need to realize human values is felt as never before in the international community, children should make the most of the totality of their human rights and a healthy and growing life. Despite the trend, abusing children, particularly in the form of terrorist activities and suicide operations, continues to gather pace. With the track of developments pertaining to the realization of the totality of human rights, the international community has endeavored in the form of various international documents to take invaluable and decisive steps in protecting children. Method: This Research is of Theoretical Type and the Research Method is Descriptive-Analytical and the Method of Data Collection is Library and has Been Done by Referring to Documents, Books and Articles. Ethical Considerations: In Order to Organize this Research, while Observing the Authenticity of the Texts, Honesty and Fidelity Have Been Observed. Results: The states, international organizations and institutions and non-governmental human-right advocacy groups in modern, developed countries must help launch a novel human-rights movement to protect the disadvantaged strata, such as children and women. Finally, despite the arguments of human-rights activists and advocates of normative development in defense of the child soldiers' rights being noteworthy, the lack of meaningful improvements on this front may be because global public opinion is still not in tune with the problem of child soldiers. Experience suggests that when an issue reaches a critical level or the pressure from the public opinion and the civil society becomes overwhelming, the international community, in general and the government in particular, move towards normative development in international law. Drawing on library and online sources and international documents, this article aims to examine the children's rights and discuss how to effectively protect them against the crisis of terrorism and the effects of suicide operations on the physical and mental health of the child in the realm of international law. Conclusion: Boko Haram's use of minors in various regions has caused adverse ethical, physical and psychological consequences for the children. The intensity of the crimes committed by this organization surpasses crimes of terrorist and rebel groups in the past. The available international documents on children help safeguard their rights and well-being, however, these documents lack powerful and effective legal sanctions. To overcome these shortcomings, the states must cooperate and show solidarity as active defenders of human rights and adopt the necessary measuresh.

Background & Aims: Child Abuse (CA) is a multi-dimensional damage which is emerged and intensified by several elements. CA brings about physical, mental, and social aftermaths for the children and exposes them to several dangers. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between Substance Abuse and CA in Tehran.Materials & Methods: This study was conducted through a survey, and systematic random sampling method was used. The statistical population of this study was Child Abuse in Tehran in 2014-15. The sample population of this study was 273 individuals which were selected using Cochran Sampling Formula among the Child Abuse. The questionnaires were also analyzed after investigating validity and reliability of the questions.Results: The findings of this research showed that girls and boys are abused equally. Moreover, as the age of the children increases, the possibility of being abused increases too. The most common insult was physical and physical-mental abuse. Most of the children have experienced a combination of physical, mental, and sexual abuse and neglect. Also, findings of this study showed that addiction of the parents was the main element of CA (43% of cases); and there was a significant relationship between parental Substance Abuse and CA. Dependency to methamphetamine was the most common addiction compared to other drugs (83%).Conclusion: Considering these results, the necessity of multi-dimensional planning in individual, family, and social levels and in three preventive phases of first, second and third is needed for effective prevention and appropriate intervening on CA.

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to child labor in Shiraz. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of child labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards child labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and child labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in childhood, child labor as an income generating industry, child labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working children, and Shiraz's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working children in Shiraz has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of child labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working children, lack of proper organization and social support of working children, Anonymity of working children and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to Shiraz.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) conditions, strategies, and consequences of violence in the lives of child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of violence play a role in the experience of child-wives in terms of violence (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among child wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (strategies), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual violence and even social isolation (consequences).